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A team of Australian scientists has recently identified HPAI highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in a child who traveled back to Australia from India.
The study involved a 2.5-year-old previously healthy girl who returned to Australia from India in Feb 2024. The child developed an illness in Kolkata and hospitalized after returning to Australia, subsequently admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) with respiratory failure requiring ventilation.
She was treated with a 5-day course of oseltamivir starting on day 3 after admission. She fully recovered and was discharged after 2.5 weeks. Respiratory samples collected from the patient were tested using routine next-generation sequencing, which identified the H5N1 virus.
Further analysis revealed the matrix segment is similar to HPAI H5N1, which predominantly circulates worldwide. This reassortment suggests that clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, which have disseminated globally through wild birds, are transforming the genetic structure of other H5N1 clades endemic in poultry.
The analysis of viral segments for mammalian adaptation, virulence, & antiviral susceptibility indicated retention of preferential binding to avian α2–3 but not to mammalian α2–6 sialic acid receptors. The viral segments did not show any markers for mammalian adaptation, virulence, or pathogenicity.
The study suggests viruses, spread globally by wild birds, are actively reshaping and influencing the genetic evolution of other H5N1 clades in endemic poultry populations. The virus is a previously unreported reassortant of clades 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.4.4b, and wild bird low-pathogenicity avian influenza.
Abridged (shortened) article thread 3 min
[https://bsky.app/profile/johnhatchard.bsky.social/post/3ldwmb6u4s32f](https://bsky.app/profile/johnhatchard.bsky.social/post/3ldwmb6u4s32f)